Heterogeneity is a key characteristic of Engineering Knowledge due to a large and diverse set of stakeholders is involved in an engineering organization, often spanning across several divisions within and between companies. Despite their heterogeneity, the involved stakeholders need to collaborate toward designing and building a complex production system. Therefore, a key challenge for realizing such flexible engineering of production systems lies in solving the data integration among these stakeholders (e.g., engineers from mechanical, electrical and software disciplines; project managers) and artifacts (e.g., discipline-specific tools, data model, and data) across engineering disciplines.

F.J. Ekaputra. Ontology-Based Data Integration and Knowledge Change Management in Multi-Disciplinary Engineering Environments. PhD Thesis, TU Wien, 2018 [PhD Thesis]